Essay Tutorial with Krzysztof

I began by trying to explain my work and ideas to Krzysztof. I enjoy working with both the human body and with portraiture. I am interested in the movement of the body and also ways in which medium can be used to recreate this movement. I am also interested in Aesthetics and Anti-Aesthetics as a potential subject for my essay.

Oskar Schlemmer: Bauhaus - about the shape and movement of the body, resemblance to bodies.

Anthony Gormley:

His sculptures are his most well known pieces, however I was particularly drawn to his drawings.

Defocused. Problematised 

Helen Chadwick: 

Meat Abstract #8, 1989

Anti-aesthetics. Weird.

Viral Landscapes 2, 1988-89

Horrible, or something exquisite.

Julian Opie:

Idea of a perfect portrait. Perfect skin tone is when it is all one colour, flawless.

Andy Warhol: glamour, celebrities, perfection, beauty

Marilyn, 1967

Vanessa Beecroft:

Doll-like

The Body in Contemporary Art, Sally O'Reilly

"seems improbable that there is any art that does not involve the body, since making art and relating to it are rooted in the material world of encounter... our body is our interface with the world, and our senses its line of communication.. even the most dematerialized, conceptual work must take the body into account in some way."

production, reception and interpretation of art

topic been reappraised over the last two decades 

re-emerging as a credible subject

important body-orientated work of the feminists in the 1970s 

"readmittance of humanism into art has validated the body's appearance once more"

"In popular culture the body has become more visible as a challenge to constricting social codes"

"the body has become recognized as the principal arena for the politics of indentity, as well as a facilitator and marker of belonging"

"the boundary between the human body and the world at large is blurred and shifting, and often difficult to identify. It is not simply the physical barrier of the skin, since this would overlook both the psychological sphere that exists beyond our basic corporeal boundaries and the reciprocal relationship between self and context."

"we must consider nature - the fabric of the world that appears to exist beyond human conciousness and control"

"we should reflect on technology as a product of human endeavour, which in turn affects how we conduct ourselves and perceive others."

BEAUTY, Documents of Contemporary Art, edited by Dave Beech

Art and the Politics of Beauty:

Introduction

"Beauty and art were once thought of as belonging together.. however neither have come through avantgardist rebellion and modern social disruption unscathed. Their special relationship has, as a result, become estranged and tense." The connection between art and beauty has been challenged in the modern era and they are now somewhat alienated from each other and seen as entirely different fields.

Feminist critique of beauty: how the social status of women depends on and is defined by beauty.

"Beauty is often said to be impossible to define on account of the subjective nature of judgments of pleasure and taste." because beauty is subjective it is difficult to clarify one meaning. The subjectivity of beauty has not changed however modern thinking has made it even more difficult to define. (Marx and Freud)

Marx, Freud and Nietzsche develop "hermeneutics of suspicion". Hermeneutics is 'the branch of knowledge that deals with interpretation'. in which "beauty becomes not only subjective but controversial. In other words modernism introduces a politics of beauty."
"This collection (referring to this book) has been put together with the politics of beauty in mind. It is not devoted solely to beauty, as if beauty could be isolated like a botanical specimen from the social and political world, but rather an exploration of beauty's full relationship to the legacies of modernism and avantgardism, the rejection of beauty and the subsequent recent disavowal of that rejection." (Disavowal is 'the denial of any responsibility or support for something.) Modernism introduced politics to beauty and therefore beauty cannot be isolated, as is now completely submerged and involved in the social and political world.

"avant-garde movements such as Dada and Surrealism and the neo-avant-garde such as Minimalism and Conceptualism, recast beauty as ideologically complicit with political power, while simultaneously cultivating a sensitivity to the repressed value of ugliness, philistinism ('indifferent to culture and the arts'), shock or abjection (a feeling of depression)."

"the controversy about beauty appears to boil down to rival tastes, with traditionalists preferring order and beauty, while avant-gardists prefer disorder and shock."
"but under the surface there is another controversy about the very nature of beauty as a category of experience."

"two contradictory conceptions of beauty: one is that it is a purely private, subjective experience; and the other is the notion that it is always, inevitably socially inscribed." Subjective - opinion varies between each viewer. OR inscribed in society? what is viewed by society as a whole as beautiful. Consistent throughout society.

"draws out the tension between individual experience and the social structure."

"to see beauty as politically loaded is to brand private, subjective likes and dislikes as unintentionally but inextricably caught up with social codes and social divisions."

"competition, rivalry, antagonism, instrumentality and exploitation are characteristic of the salient structural relations of contemporary society... beauty gets tied up with design, style and marketing. Losing it's innocence in this way, beauty becomes to feel saccharine or even violent. This is why, for instance, modernism either eliminated (as in Cubism, Expressionism, Dada and Surrealism) or streamlined (as in Constructivism, Purism, Minimalism).

"with modernism... we have a new category of experience, the suspiciously beautiful." intriguing

"The avant-garde penchant for 'shock' simply could not have taken place if it did not at the same time subvert existing views of the beautiful." (penchant - liking or tendency to do something)
"The Dada, Surrealist or Constructivist gesture could not cause discomfort for the cultural and social elites if it presented its radicalism according to the taste of those very elites." to create an impression, it had to be controversial and unique.

"Beauty has become utterly contentious. Against this, the revival of beauty typically wants to place the individual in an unmediated, untroubled and de-cluttered relationship to the beautiful object."..."the controversy over beauty reasserts the modern dilemma that pits the individual against society by assuming (or insisting on) the individual's autonomy." (contentious - controversial, cause an argument) (autonomy - freedom from external influence, independence)

"Various ambitious contemporary artists have taken pleasure and critical purchase from the confusion and collapse of the distinction between beauty and... antonyms" (ugliness, the banal, ideology, chaos etc)
Other significant artists: Tomoko Takahashi, Liam Gillick, Jeff Koons, Pipilotti Rist.
Takahashi:

Immerses herself in waste, reclaiming unwanted and rejected items...converts disorder into order and ugliness into beauty.

Liam Gillick - modernist design, modernity, colour, light, structure

Jeff Koons - banality, pop, indulgence, advertising, commodity culture, sexual desire, guilty pleasures

Pipilotti Rist - risks vulgarity, unconventional version of beauty, aesthetics of suspicion, discovering itself performatively, finding things beautiful or finding a way of presenting things as beautiful.

"it would be wrong to suggest that the contemporary politics of beauty leads towards drab or clumsy art."

"beauty is not obliterated by the aesthetics of suspicion but it is expanded, twisted, shifted and split."

"if aesthetics is permformed in the way that gender is, then beauty exists at the tense intersection of the individual and society, with the individual neither fully subsumed nor fully free from social norms and cultural hierarchies."

"Beauty - like masculine, feminine or queer positions - is not something given but something that we do and something that we change."

"the controversy of beauty is rooted in the tension between individual and society that is endemic to modern capitalism" 

The Everyday: Seminar Week 5

Next 2 weeks tutorials. First of two sets of tutorials. ELLIE BRINE 10:50 27th October

What kind of critical texts and themes interest you most and link to what your doing in your studios. Developing a body of research with relevant artists materials processes. Research that involves thinking about critical texts, and perspectives. Helps situate what your doing in your studio. Building up a portfolio of images as well as texts. Start doing short bits of writing in response to reading. 

Whitechapel documents of contemporary art - books good sources of reading critical texts. The sublime. Painting. Beauty. Likely one will be relevant to practice. Focus on contemporary art.

Look at texts from all eras, main link might be contemporary but how was that derived where it has come from. 

Choose same subject as studio practice, don't need to do loads of different research for presentation, studio work, and text. Keep it all interlinked.

Look at around 2/3/4 case studies. 

Use images when talking about anything in detail. Having an image means you don't have to visually describe the work. 

Looking at an aspect of contemporary art practice. Theme has to link to own studio work that you feel is a contemporary issue. Each practice straddles more than just one concern. Essay looks at only one. Essay is not meant to sum up your practice. Meant to emerge from practice. Is there a critical one or more theme that is important for your work? Aesthetics and the body - used to be highly argued and discussed, not so much anymore.

Not one but two or three ideas that interlink. What you'll end up doing is explore several adjacent and complementary areas but something that sticks out and links them that you will look at in the essay.

Gallery: what you have done, intentions, how it relates to critical ideas and contemporary themes in fine art practice. Put up on the wall piece of artwork, talk to small audience for 5 mins. Text to accompany it. Text could be something detailed and complex - something like a mini extract from a piece of critical writing. Supports what your going to say, sort of thing someone might encounter in a gallery or museum. Might be brief. Leaflet, artist statement. Whatever you decide - Why that's an appropriate way of doing it. Press release. Leaflet. Standard. Other people, experiments or objects with text. 

Presentations are not assessed. Work leading up to it is even more important. Maybe the script is your leaflet and what you say is more engaging. Live event. About you delivering something. Tiny details like what your wearing and body language. Is it relevant? Extraordinarily long unit, masses of themes, masses of work. Result is a lot of different things going on - difficult. Single emerging studio project and single text. 

Continuation of lecture:

David lynch blue velvet - drift and collapse vision of the everyday happy and secure, domestic, identifiable, into the dark underbelly of that world.filmic version of reality, idealised. American culture seen through images no experience. More reassuring it is the more unsettling it will be hiding. 

How do we view the everyday? Working with the everyday - necessary, unable to cope without everyday. Most of us live lives with routine and repetition. Primary resource. Stability.

Do something you do everyday and observe yourself think about it when usually you wouldn't. Keep a diary about the experience. Eg Alan Kaprow, brushing teeth.

Familiarit of the everyday means the audience can relate to it. Gallery usually shows something unique, when showing something everyday and you understand and can relate to it. Comforting.

The Everyday: Physical and Virtual

The Everyday: Noticing, Making Nothing Happen and Hierarchies of the Mundane

directly engaged with like it or not. 

Judith: Anything to do with daily life? not that simple.

Beginings of modernity - paris 2nd part of 19th Century. Marx: alienation from the means from production, movement away from agriculture. Street scenes and cafe scenes began to become subject matters for art - at the time quite shocking. 

Ordinary, accidentally miraculous, popular culture, criticising status quo

City as a gendered space. 

'Everday' different everyday for men and women. Men allowed to roam streets 'own the streets' was able to stand and observe without being abused or threatened. Women, not allowed out on their own.

20th century - the everyday shifted from a mere description of ordinary elements in social life, to confronting the materiality and totality of contemporary culture.

Francis Alys: when you are walking you are opening your peripheral vision, being awake and aware.

Georges Peree, The Street, 1974 rules to being observent: 'observe the street from time to time, with some concern for the system perhaps.'... talks about date and time and weather and what you can see and what it means.

Photography of things in the street. Claudia Pilsl, Found Not Taken, 2014. banana skin with tyre track through it

What we think are public spaces (shopping centres) owned privately and can stop us if they so choose - anti homeless, spikes in entrances to stop sleeping. Milton Keynes no teenagers wearing hoodies in the mall.

Using domestic space as well as the communal space.

Use of domestic objects. Hair brush - collecting the hair out of it (Halloum?)

Archiving the everday. Collecting objects of the everyday.

Krystof: The Uncanny

how an emersion in the everyday leads us to something profoundly troubling. Familiarity with the everyday leads to alienation. Notion of the uncanny. anxiety of the everyday. Freud's text: uncanny is something to do with anxiety and fear. moments where something we expect to be ordinary, familiar enviornment or experience, flips from being reassuring to something surprising or upsetting. 21st centurey focuses on things entirely farmilar to us, strike us as being dsrupted. Disruptions, disturbences, abstractions. Mike Kelley - own farmilar childhood memories and associated objects have this kind of dual fascination and repulsion element about them. Photographs of familar objects, become strange and anxiety - Soft toys too loved, distorted. 

Freud: trying to pind own what consitutes to the uncanny, keeps piling on lists of new things that mighty fit into this catagory of uncanniess.

Frued: to do with literature. Looking at stories - the sand man. The uncanny above allis the return of the repressed. Asurgence??? of something wre have known all along. Explores the german term for the uncanny - defined with references - unheimlich. heimlich - homely, domestic, things that belong at home. also means something to do with secret. Un-homely, un-secret - secret revealed. Artists looking at perfectly ordinary things that become unexpected and grab our attention. 

Freuds notion of the uncanny - strangness within ourselves. our anxiety of things we are producing ourselves. 

Genres of objects and spaces, familiar but anxiety and strange. Anxieties to do with mortality, scared of death. Other kinds of strange experiences in terms of the body - doubling - a mirror creates a double space - twins.

Located within built, urban, and domestic spaces. Artists interested in exploring the idea of the home being a place that ought to reassure us but also makes us anxious.

Liminal space - crossing a thereshold.

correct ness, institutions, construction of self-hood in infancy begin to get distrubed. Overlooked, tiny detail that pricks the reality of the everyday into a black hole. Brassai, Involuntary Sculptures, 1933. Not rational and logical activities but distrubamce in order. 

Surrealsits - objective chance. 

If we look at our own bodies for a long period of time or in a different way, they become unfarmilar and create anxieties. 

Disrupt what ought to be controlled environment to something strange. 

Plato

Following my research into Immanuel Kant, I considered other philosophers who have written about aesthetics in relation to art - Plato

https://artlitandideas.wikispaces.com/Plato%27s+Aesthetics

Psychoanalysis Seminar

Absence

and ability to affect 

Going on underneath the surface. His model of the mind: concious mind, social situations link to dreams. Dark pit of unconcious. As scientist look at what's going on underneath. Anxieties and desires.

Dream is processing our awake life. Or process of what hapend the day before or stretching right back to your childhood. Dream affects following day.

Work of dreams manipulating ideas adm moving them around looking at them in different ways. Collapsing together ideas that shouldn't be in the same place.

Crude, clumsy way of looking at symbolism. If you see a penis shape and think it's a oenis you must have a subconscious obsession

Dali: anxieties around sexuality. Upfront about it. Read Freud, interpretation of dreams etc. not an accident, kind of deliberate. 

The talking cure: free associating. Hypnosis techniques. What happens when they start to speak without control.

Freud's analysis, complicated and very specific, why is his analysis any more valuable than anyone else.

Art nouveau and architecture: gaudis architecture in Barcelona.

Interested in stuff that is outmoded and out of date. These days live in a culture of ever changing, quick pace, nothing is ever out of date anymore, clothes coming back in, art always reproduced and reworked.

Spontaneity.

Freud interested in Art and literature of the past, not contemporary. Sexuality, anxiety. Everyday objects

Klimt and Shiele looking at sexuality. Problematic in contemporary environment. Shiele imprisoned for expression of sexuality through art.

Locate everyday moments where unconcious, anxiety, comes out. Not just in us but objects and spaces. Paris: art nouveau design metropolitan. Extraordinary designs, inspired by plants, even praying mantis. Even sexuality 

Fetishism of objects at one level ascribing values to objects that they shouldn't have. Over valuing them. Sacred practices, sexual obsession with materials. Comes about when little boys realise (most likely mothers) women don't have penises. Profound anxiety of the possibility of being castrated. Transfer their gaze to other things where their sexuality and gender may be questioned.

Embroiled in tensions of anxiety. 

The dynamics of creation: Freudian analysis of Van Gogh - oil paints - traditional outlet for anal impulses. Messiness. Smells. Hands as a brush freely.

Reduce a really complex intricate set of activities and thought processes to a single purpose. 

Artist playing with cliche: Paul McCarthy film called painter.

Object:

Objects from childhood. About the sound and touch of it rather than visual 

Nothing is coincidence, objectiv chance. The image that comes out is a subconscious you just haven't worked it out yet.

Cassette tape- unconsciously packed. Memories. 

Freud, Psychoanalysis and Art

Texts:

Freud, Psychoanalysis and Art:

despite the consisent bad press of freud, creates interesting topics and conversations

filtering into the popular concious

Freud: problematic character. Ideas ridiculed in own lifetime. Even if we don't agree , likely to have adopted some of his ideas. Broadly conquer with his theories.

Writing often lengthy and daunting

Understand the workings of the mind and road map of the mind. understand the functions of it, understand the problems and solutions for his patients.

Freudian psychoanalysis very rare to be seen today. Nevertheless all branches stemmed from Freud and his pupils who developed his ideas in new ways.

Medical/clinical practitioner - not discreditted but limited.

Critical anaalysis of artworks that adopt ideas from freud

Freud the clinical practitioner - making people better. Doctors looking after hysterical patients. Mental illness. Working with patients with severe mental distrubance. Consulting room in Vienna. People more with neurotic anxious symptoms, drawn from middle class. Writing direct response to patients. Propositions and models change and shift quite drastically over 40 years.

The Freud Museum in London - seeing Freud's home environment and consulting room, also have exhibitions on. Masses of books - history, archaeology, art as well as psychology. Bring in other subject areas into his own subject. Collecting antiques. Interesting greek and roman artifacts. Similarities between artifacts and archaeology and psychoanalysis and drawing out the mind, unburrying important things.

Freud the theorist - closer to a philisopher 

Freud the provided of particular tools of understanding the world

Key concepts of psychoanalysis: 

-The unconcious and strucutre of the mind - concious is our rationalising thinking explicit way of operating our mind, daytime deliberation, working the way it should be. Under that is the unconcious, interplay between the two. tensions and forces. forbidden to entering conciousness. 

-dreams and 'phantasies' - meaningful, express something profound that we must understand.

-trauma and mental illness. - when things are working properly, when there is something that blocks the normal relationship between the concious and the unconcious. conflicts in the real world eg relationships, family and sexuality.

Medicine and science allows us to understand the body so now we are able to take on the mind, try to understand the mind.

Sexuality at the root. There since childhoon, not puberty and adulthood. Early experiences.

Interesting in tracin ghte spaces where the unconcious leaks out and makes itself known. Psychology of the everyday, slip of the tounge, absences, daydreaming.

Dali - involuntary sculptures. One of many surrealist artists nspired by Freud and working with freudian material. 

The fifth lecture: says rejecting impulses and desires - lead to tensions. concious sensorship. 2 sublimation - tight rope between concious and unconcious, notifies these tensions but puts them to use. art works and literature might  be seen as negotiations of this material. express the tensions. helps us to undertand ourselves. address issues around conflict, desire, sexuality. 3 express that sexuality and desires no matter how weird.

Judith: Psychoanalysis and Gender

The issue of how we become sexualist beings, how we become male and how we become female is fundamental to freud. Issues of sexuality run all the way thorugh freud. 

Feminist politics about the way in which gender is conditioned in society.

SimoneDeBeauvior - not born a man or woman, but become one. culturally made into one or the other.

For femnists this is a funamental issue with Freud. Is our gender biologically determined or culturally determined. Idea of becoming gendered subjects for Freud. Oedipus story. Freud - boy wants to kill father and sleep with mother and vice versa. The desire to supplant your mother/father leads to fear of rejection. So supplants desire for parent of same sex. Freud thinks this is wrong. 

Penis envy: Child recognises sexual difference. Problem for feminists it is always defined in Freud its always the penis or a lack of the penis. If you are a girl you are already at a disadvantage. Lack of penis. For the girl: she substitutes the lack of penis by desiring a penis. Man becomes substitute for the lack of penis. If fail to do so means you become hysteric. Freud: she develops a scar, a sense of inferiority.

Fails to recognise this own prejudices eg his own culture and class and gender.

Thinks your biological sex (male/female) is same as cultural sex (masculine/feminine)

Toril Moi - theorist - articulates clearly whole idea about otherness. It's the riddle of feminity. What is the problem? what makes women so weird? feminitiy and sexual difference are there as something that is not quite right. How do women become women - what freud is trying to work out. 

Joan Riviere: idea that womens gendered identity was performed. Looked at particularly intellectual, professional women. desire to be successful created a need to have ones feminitity confirmed. 

Ana Mendietta.

Judith Butler: Gender Trouble, Feminism and the subversion of identity, 1990

Melanie Klein: relationship between infant and mother. Breast - when given its good, food is good, when denied is bad, hunger is bad.

Jacques Lacan, The Mirror Stage: idea of desire. before stage no speration beyween us and anything else, infanty and mothers body is the same. at the mirror stage this is a realisation that not part of the mother, not the same entity. Trouble is for us all, our own experience can never match that up. Forever desiring something we can never ever achieve. Can identify with others as we see this sepearte thing. Image that generates these ideas. Important for artists as he prioritizes the idea of the image and seeing.

How we learn to negociate our way through society and family structures then identities and relationship. Occupies the same position as DeBeauvior. Through this aquisition that we become gendered subjects. 

Just as problematic as freud, even though he says biology is same as gender but his way of writing suggests different. 

Mary Kelly: work maps her son's entry into subjecthood. each section address different stage. Challenged Freud's idea that only men could have fetishes. 

Why is Freud still important: because we are in a patriarchal society how do we speak as women?

Womans body

Kristeva and the abject:

Photographs from Saltpetriere Hospital: psychic disorder. most of women - to what exent are the illnesses acted out. How do we know what that looks like? Photographs reproduced in advertising - sexualised. 

Immanuel Kant

Following my interest in the Aesthetics lectures, I looked into Kant who was mentioned in the lecture but also is well known for his essays on aesthetics.

Basic overview is four 'moments' that lead to the judgement of beauty. 1st is disinterest (we find something pleasurable because it is beautiful, not vice versa) 2nd is universality (agreement from all) 3rd is necessity (true because it follow a principle) and 4th is purposiveness (beauty must be purposive but not have a direct purpose. once we find that purpose we see beauty).

Can look at Kant's ideas as a subjective way of looking at beauty. IT is up to the individual's opinion and the feeling gained from the image. It must however have a common ground where everyone would agree it beautiful. So in a way could be described as subjective following an objective set of rules.

Often thought of as a formalist theory - links to Plato's theory of Forms and 20th century art critic Greenberg.
Contrast to Greenberg - Rosenberg (argued against formalism - about the concept and making of the art).

Essay Ideas

At this point in practice I am looking in particular at the human body so I feel this is a good place to start when generating ideas for my essay.

Freud: interested in the past not contemporary. Dream interpretation, what's hiding beneath the surface. What is behind each mark in my work, what does it all mean?

Books to read:


Edmund Burke - A Philisophical enquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful (705 BUR)
Ugly, the aesthetics of everything (705 BAY)
Paul Crowther: language of 20th century art: a conceptual history (727.15 CRO)
Paul Crowther: Critical aesthetics and postmodernism (705 CRO) (on loan)
Curiosity and Method (754.62 CAB)
The abuse of beauty, Short loan (11185 DAN)
Curiosity: art and the pleasures of knowing (729.5 TUR)
Beyond the finite: the sublime in art and science, Short Loan (701.5 HOF)
Art and culture, Greenberg (727.15 GRE)
Politics of Aesthetics J Ranciere (705 RAN)

The Ideology of the Aesthetic Terry Eagleton (705 EAG)

Moosey Gallery - NUA Take Over